Well as far as I can tell, the new Doom engine has enough of the virtual texturing tech from Rage that it should be possible to create similarly detailed and uniquely textured environments. It also has a proper dynamic lighting system and more advanced shaders so it could do even better.
However, technology isn't the only constraint on the art content for such a game... unfortunately. The amount of work to re-dress Doom (4) like this would be, well a quick guess, somewhere around 5-10 times as much as actually went into it. The game world is probably as big, but the texel density is way higher. It would be just waaaay too expensive to make.
On top of that, the storage requirements would multiply at least as much, and as far as I now Doom was already something like 78 GB! of data.
So I believe that, at least for the near future, Rage is going to remain to be a unique and beautiful demonstration of what a game without constraints could look like.