Our research addresses a key technological problem for microprocessor architects: How to leverage growing quantities of chip resources even as wire delays become substantial. The Raw research prototype uses a scalable instruction set architecture (ISA) to attack the emerging wire-delay problem by providing a parallel, software interface to the gate, wire, and pin resources of the chip. An architecture that has direct, first-class analogs to all of these physical resources will ultimately let programmers achieve the maximum amount of performance
Technology trends
Until recently, the abstraction of a wire as an instantaneous connection between transistors has shaped assumptions and architectural designs. In an interesting twist, just as the clock frequency of processors has risen exponentially over the years, the fraction of the chip that is reachable by a signal in a single clock cycle has decreased exponentially. Thus, the idealized wire abstraction is becoming less and less representative of reality. Architects now need to explicitly account for wire delay in their designs. Today, it takes on the order of two clock cycles for a signal to travel from edge-to-edge (roughly fifteen mm) of a 2-GHz processor die. Processor manufacturers have strived to maintain high clock rates in spite of the increased impact of wire delay.
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We sized each tile so that the time for a signal to travel through a small amount of logic and across the tile is one clock cycle. Future Raw processors will have hundreds or perhaps thousands of tiles. The tiles interconnect using four 32-bit full-duplex on-chip networks, consisting of
over 12,500 wires, as Figure 1 shows. Two net-works are static (routes specified at compile time) and two are dynamic (routes specified at
runtime). Each tile only connects to its four neighbors. Every wire is registered at the input to its destination tile. This means that the
length of the longest wire in the system is no greater than the length or width of a tile. This property ensures high clock speeds, and the
continued scalability of the architecture.