Fred said:
The notion that fundamentally people know right from wrong intrinsically, I find problematic (empirically).
Would a psycopath know such a thing? He clearly suffers from a mental illness, but perhaps at one point all brains were like his.
There was a debate in academic circles about universality in emotions. It was thought for awhile that a mothers love for her child would statistically be found true in all environments/cultures. Alas, it was found to be false, several tribes throughout the ages were found as counter examples and were statistically significant. So something that complicated is already not subject to universality, so we have to dig to a deeper emotional lvl to find a common strain.
It seems both intuitively obvious and (AFAICT) supported by an overwhelming mass of anthropological and biological data that there is an evolutionarily developed, instinctual and ingrained sense of right and wrong intrinsic to humans as a species. Similarly, it seems obvious that this "moral" instinct is greatly supplemented by culture-specific norms to form the particular ethics of each society.
Just because one can find a culture in which a mother's love for her children is not a social norm does not mean that that love is not an intrinsic human emotion. Rather it just shows that cultures can evolve in ways that counteract ingrained instinct. Of course, the prescence of such an instinct would make us expect that most cultures would have a norm of strong maternal love, which is exactly what we see. The fact that maternal love is very strongly
predominant among human cultures (along with similar traits observed among most mammals) is enough to demonstrate that it is probably a human instinct, albeit one that can be counteracted by the force of culture. The notion that evolved "moral" instincts can be overridden by cultural norms shouldn't be very surprising, given all the ways in which our own modern culture must differ from the conditions in which we evolved.
The existence of psychopaths presents no more a theoretical problem than do other mental illnesses to the notion of normal, evolved mental states for human beings. Does the existence of chronic depression mean that humans didn't evolve a desire to get out of bed in the morning? Does the existence of agoraphobia mean humans did not in fact evolve to thrive in the niche of the African plains? Presumably mental illness is a near-unavoidable risk when dealing with something so complex and finely calibrated as the human brain. In any case, it is obviously too rare to have been evolved out of the species.
Believing in a moral absolutism that applies to all or even most aspects of societal ethics seems, IMO, the height of myopia. Believing in a sort of moral
tabula rasa, on the other hand (which, I realize, is a complete strawman of your position, Fred), seems, IMO, the height of dumb.