re·dun·dan·cy ( P ) Pronunciation Key (r-dndn-s)
n. pl. re·dun·dan·cies
1. The state of being redundant.
2. Something redundant or excessive; a superfluity.
3. Repetition of linguistic information inherent in the structure of a language, as singularity in the sentence It works.
4. Excessive wordiness or repetition in expression.
Chiefly British.
- The state or fact of being unemployed because work is no longer offered or considered necessary.
- A dismissal of an employee from work for being no longer necessary; a layoff.
5 Electronics. Duplication or repetition of elements in electronic equipment to provide alternative functional channels in case of failure.
6 Repetition of parts or all of a message to circumvent transmission errors.
Usage Note: The usages that critics have condemned as redundancies fall into several classes. Some expressions, such as old adage, mental telepathy, and VAT tax have become fixed expressions and seem harmless enough. In some cases, such as consensus of opinion, hollow tube, and refer back, the use of what is regarded as an unnecessary modifier or qualifier can sometimes be justified on the grounds that it in fact makes a semantic contribution. Thus a hollow tube can be distinguished from one that has been blocked up with deposits, and a consensus of opinion can be distinguished from a consensus of judgments or practice. Some locutions, such as close proximity, have been so well established that criticizing them may seem petty. See Usage Note at rarely. See Usage Note at refer.
Our Living Language Although certain vernacular constructions, such as the double comparative and superlative constructions (as in more higher and most fastest) are scorned as unschooled redundancies, many fundamental features of Standard English, such as subject-verb agreement, also manifest redundancy in their double marking. For example, in She sits on the chair, the -s inflection on sit indicates that the subject of the sentence is a third-person-singular form. However, this information is redundantit is conveyed by she. Standard English pronoun forms may encode redundancies too. Subject pronouns are nominative, and direct object pronouns are objective (for example, I saw him and He saw me); these distinctive forms are technically not necessary, however, since normal English word order makes evident whether a pronoun refers to a subject or object. Nevertheless, standard practice requires the avoidance of constructions such as double comparatives except when they are employed for rhetorical or comical effect.
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Source: The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
redundancy
n 1: repetition of messages to reduce the probability of errors in transmission 2: the attribute of being superfluous and unneeded; "the use of industrial robots created redundancy among workers" [syn: redundance] 3: (electronics) a system design that duplicates components to provide alternatives in case one component fails 4: repetition of an act needlessly
Source: WordNet ® 2.0, © 2003 Princeton University
redundancy
1. <parallel> The provision of multiple interchangeable
components to perform a single function in order to cope with
failures and errors. Redundancy normally applies primarily to
hardware. For example, one might install two or even three
computers to do the same job. There are several ways these
could be used. They could all be active all the time thus
giving extra performance through parallel processing as well
as extra availability; one could be active and the others
simply monitoring its activity so as to be ready to take over
if it failed ("warm standby"); the "spares" could be kept
turned off and only switched on when needed ("cold standby").
Another common form of hardware redundancy is disk
mirroring.
Redundancy can also be used to detect and recover from errors,
either in hardware or software. A well known example of this
is the cyclic redundancy check which adds redundant data to
a block in order to detect corruption during storage or
transmission. If the cost of errors is high enough, e.g. in a
safety-critical system, redundancy may be used in both
hardware AND software with three separate computers programmed
by three separate teams and some system to check that they all
produce the same answer, or some kind of majority voting
system.
2. <communications> The proportion of a message's gross
information content that can be eliminated without losing
essential information.
Technically, redundancy is one minus the ratio of the actual
uncertainty to the maximum uncertainty. This is the fraction
of the structure of the message which is determined not by the
choice of the sender, but rather by the accepted statistical
rules governing the choice of the symbols in question.
[Shannon and Weaver, 1948, p. l3]
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(1995-05-09)