... with a lot of financial support from the NY state government.
I wouldn't be too worried in the short to middle term: it's surprising how long big companies can survive, even when turning out a loss year after year. The important part is not to default on loans, but that's relatively easy to do: there are a lot of different ways to refinance debts.
I didn't say AMD is close to going under, but the finances have gotten a lot worse, and stand to get worse still. I'd say they went from a mostly comfy position to a mostly uncomfortable position.
No, that's not true. Goodwill is the amount above the tangible net asset value that was paid by a company to purchase another company. It could be for stuff like the perceived quality of the employees that may result in more business later on. Or the good reputation of the company. A bit wishy washy really.
When this intangible value never materializes (the employees weren't that good after all), a company can write it off. In that case, it will show up as a loss on the books, but it doesn't cost real money. It usually results in a drop in the stock price, because the write off effectively reduces the assets of the company.
So, no, it's not the complete market value. It's the additional value of the net assets.
I know what goodwill is. However, the goodwill here was used to hide $3 billion in additional debt use to fund the ATI purchase. While writing off goodwill does nothing in the absolute sense, it will expose the poor financial nature of the purchase.