There is a pretty old spec for the electromechanical design where that 75W (as the minimum requirement?) is stated. But the PCIe spec actually includes a slot capabilities register which should reflect, well, the capabilities for each slot in the system (and probably/hopefully set in a platform specific way by the BIOS). And apparently this capabilities register includes a value for the "slot power limit" with a range up to 240W in 1 W steps and then 250W, 275W, 300W and even some reserved values for above 300W. Would be interesting to check how this is configured on usual mainboards (as the spec stipulates the card has to limit its consumption to the programmed value as long as it wants to use more than the form factor spec [75W for PEG], it is allowed to use max[form_factor_spec, slot_power_limit] as I understand the spec). I would guess the very high values are used for these MXM like modules for the Tesla cards (where 250+W are supplied over the [non-standard] slots).
edit:
PCIe 3.0 base spec, section 6.9:
https://abload.de/img/pcie_3.0_sec6.9jqux7.png
But no idea how relevant this really is as one can read it also like it should limit the complete consumption of the card not just the amount supplied by the slot. Earlier versions (like 1.0, which also misses the 250W, 275W, 300W, and the reserved above 300W encodings) appear to more clearly specify just supply through the slot, though.
https://abload.de/img/pcie_1.0_slot_capssousd.png