For example, it has been shown repeatedly that women exhibit
a stronger preference than men for attributes of ambition, social
status, and financial wealth in a partner as well as for a desire for
children and a commitment to family, all of which are indicative
of the partner’s ability to obtain and willingness to invest the
resources necessary for the survival and success of offspring
(e.g., refs. 2–10). Similarly, men exhibit a stronger preference
than women for features of youthfulness, health, and physical
attractiveness in a partner, all of which are indicative of high
fecundity and reproductive potential (e.g., refs. 2, 4–8, and
10–12). Furthermore, men often exhibit a stronger preference
than women for indicators of sexual fidelity, presumably because
males suffer higher costs from being cuckolded than do females
(5, 10, 13–14). Although researchers have focused on the differences
in the mean level of preference expressed by the sexes,
it should be emphasized that all studies have also reported
considerable overlap in the distribution of preferences expressed
by males and females (e.g., refs. 4 and 5).
The reproductive potential of an individual’s partner, however,
may not be the only factor that contributes to the reproductive
output of their partnership. The stability of the partnership
may also influence its reproductive output (15). In socially
monogamous societies, an individual with an open-ended mate
preference (a preference for the most preferred partner available)
would only obtain a stable long-term partnership if shehe
waited until the more preferred, same-sex members of the
population had paired. Individuals who did not wait would be
prone to form partnerships with mates of very different quality
than themselves, and such partnerships are expected to be
unstable, because the higher-quality mate has many opportunities
for trading up in partner quality. A strategy more likely to
lead to stable long-term pairings would be to assess one’s own
relative quality as a mate, form a mate preference based on this
self-perception, and choose a partner of similar mate quality (10,
16, 17). Such a strategy requires cognitive processes that enable
an individual to assess both his or her own relative quality, and
relative quality of the potential mate, within the local population.
There is evidence to suggest that both self-perception and
mate assessment are relativistic and may be influenced by
exposure to different local populations. Self-perception as a
potential mate is influenced by exposure to desirable same-sex
models. Women lowered their self-assessment when exposed to
profiles of physically attractive females (18–20), whereas men
lowered their self-assessment when exposed to profiles of socially
dominant males (20). Further, an individual’s assessment of their
mate is influenced by exposure to desirable opposite-sex models.
Women’s feelings about their current partner were affected
adversely by exposure to profiles of socially dominant men (21),
whereas men’s feelings about their current partner were affected
adversely by exposure to profiles of physically attractive women
(21–23). For these cognitive processes to result in stable longterm
partnerships, all one needs to show is that self-perception
positively correlates with the selectivity of mate preference.