First off, radium is intensely radioactive, indeed the definition of the
Curie was originally that amount of activity in a gram of radium. Radium
was used in luminous paint in the WWII era. It was typically a mix of
radium chloride and activated zinc sulfide. The zinc sulfide absorbs
energy from an alpha particle emitted from the radium and is excited.
A few nanoseconds later it sheds this energy as a photon of visible
light. Radium was a particularly poor choice as an energy source because
it emits copious amounts of highly penetrating gamma rays and because
the high energy alphas destroy the zinc sulfide over time. As an
example, I have a luminous button designed to be worn on the lapel
with a grease-penciled code number on it. It was issued to my dad
in France in WWII and enabled sentries identify people without
the use of a flashlight. This button no longer glows, the radium having
long since destroyed the phosphor but it DOES emit a LOT of radiation.
About 0.1 R/Hr at a foot. I use it as a calibration source in my lab.
It is normally stored in a lead pig. Dad said that they got a couple
hundred of these things packed in a wooden box!
Radium is also particularly bad because it acts chemically enough like
calcium that it seeks the bone when ingested and once incorporated
into bone, it is almost impossible to get rid of. The famous case
of the women who painted instrument dials with radium paint in the
plant in NY involved bone-related problems from the huge amount of
radium absorbed as they used their tongues to point their brushes.
These days tritium, the third isotope of hydrogen, is used as the energy
source. It has a decent half-life, emits only a low energy
beta that does a good job of stimulating phosphors while not presenting
any health risks. And it's cheap since it is a man-made isotope
manufactured in huge quantities by the US govt for weapons purposes.